At least two views of layout endeavor are per the action-centric perspective. The two involve three common activities.
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A layout process is a widespread philosophy which may or won't comprise a aid for particular methods. Some are to lead the final goal of the design. Other systems are to steer the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation process may bring about further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the method in which the layout agent concurrently refines its intellectual picture of the design item in accordance with its mental picture of the context, and vice versa"