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At least two perspectives of layout activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three common activities.
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A design strategy is a widespread philosophy that could or might not include a guide for specific methods. Some are to guide the final target of the design. Other systems are to guide the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation procedure might bring about further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure wherein the design agent simultaneously refines its mental photograph of the layout item in keeping with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"