At least two perspectives of layout undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. Both involve three common activities.
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A layout procedure is a widespread philosophy which may or might not comprise a aid for specific methods. Some are to steer the overall goal of the design. Different systems are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation procedure could bring about added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the method wherein the layout agent concurrently refines its intellectual image of the layout item in keeping with its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"
