At least two perspectives of layout activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three undemanding activities.
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A design strategy is a general philosophy which may or won't incorporate a guide for particular methods. Some are to steer the final goal of the design. Different tactics are to lead the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis procedure might bring about further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the procedure wherein the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object in accordance with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"