At least two views of layout undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. The two contain 3 ordinary activities.
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A design procedure is a widespread philosophy which can or might not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to steer the overall target of the design. Other procedures are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis approach may bring about added strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the design agent concurrently refines its mental image of the design object in keeping with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"