At least two views of layout endeavor are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve 3 common activities.
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A design procedure is a widespread philosophy that could or may not comprise a aid for particular methods. Some are to steer the general target of the design. Other tactics are to lead the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation process could lead to added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the method wherein the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental image of the design item in accordance with its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"
