At least two perspectives of design endeavor are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two contain 3 common activities.
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A design strategy is a general philosophy which may or won't comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to guide the general goal of the design. Different tactics are to lead the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation process might result in further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the layout object based on its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
