At least two perspectives of layout undertaking are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three undemanding activities.
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A design process is a general philosophy that could or won't comprise a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the overall target of the design. Different systems are to guide the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis approach could lead to further strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the method wherein the design agent concurrently refines its intellectual picture of the layout object based on its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"