At least two perspectives of design undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. The two contain three common activities.
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A design procedure is a general philosophy that could or may not incorporate a aid for particular methods. Some are to steer the final target of the design. Different tactics are to steer the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process might lead to added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the method wherein the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental image of the design object in accordance with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
