At least two perspectives of layout undertaking are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A design procedure is a widespread philosophy which may or may not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to steer the general target of the design. Other systems are to steer the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation approach might bring about further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the approach in which the layout agent concurrently refines its mental picture of the layout item based on its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
