At least two perspectives of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a widespread philosophy which can or may not incorporate a aid for specific methods. Some are to steer the general goal of the design. Different tactics are to lead the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation approach might lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the design agent concurrently refines its mental image of the layout object in keeping with its mental picture of the context, and vice versa"
