At least two perspectives of layout activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A layout strategy is a general philosophy that could or might not comprise a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the overall goal of the design. Other systems are to lead the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis approach may lead to further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the layout object. Coevolution is "the method in which the design agent concurrently refines its mental picture of the layout object in keeping with its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"
