At least two perspectives of layout activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two contain 3 common activities.
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A design procedure is a preferred philosophy which can or might not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the final goal of the design. Other procedures are to steer the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis process might lead to added strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of making the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent concurrently refines its intellectual picture of the design object in keeping with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
