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At least two views of design activity are per the action-centric perspective. The two contain three common activities.
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A layout process is a general philosophy that could or may not incorporate a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the overall target of the design. Other systems are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis procedure could result in further strikes within the design.
The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the design agent concurrently refines its intellectual image of the layout object based on its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"