At least two perspectives of layout activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a general philosophy that could or won't include a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the general target of the design. Different tactics are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis procedure may bring about further moves within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach where the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual photograph of the design object in keeping with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"