At least two perspectives of layout endeavor are per the action-centric perspective. The two involve three ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a general philosophy which may or may not include a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the general goal of the design. Different systems are to lead the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation approach could bring about further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the approach where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the layout item in keeping with its mental picture of the context, and vice versa"
