At least two perspectives of layout activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A layout process is a preferred philosophy which may or may not include a aid for specific methods. Some are to steer the overall goal of the design. Other tactics are to steer the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation approach might lead to added moves within the design.
The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the layout item in accordance with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
