At least two views of layout activity are per the action-centric perspective. Both involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A design strategy is a widespread philosophy which may or might not comprise a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the overall target of the design. Different procedures are to lead the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis approach might lead to added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the method where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental image of the layout item in keeping with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
