At least two perspectives of design undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. Both contain three common activities.
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A design process is a general philosophy which can or might not include a guide for particular methods. Some are to lead the final goal of the design. Other procedures are to steer the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis procedure may lead to further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the approach where the layout agent concurrently refines its intellectual picture of the layout item based on its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"
