At least two perspectives of design undertaking are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three common activities.
2019年緊急地震速報まとめ2【北海道胆振地方中東部】地震発生時
A layout strategy is a widespread philosophy which may or may not incorporate a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the overall target of the design. Different tactics are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation procedure may lead to further moves in the design.
地震情報 2020年09月17日 14時00分頃発生 最大震度：3 震源地：茨城
The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
地震情報 2020年07月29日 05時33分頃発生 最大震度：3 震源地：茨城
In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the method where the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental photograph of the layout item in accordance with its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"
