At least two views of layout activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve three common activities.
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A layout process is a widespread philosophy that could or won't incorporate a aid for specific methods. Some are to steer the final goal of the design. Other procedures are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation process might lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach where the layout agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design item in accordance with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"