At least two perspectives of design activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three common activities.
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A design strategy is a preferred philosophy that could or might not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to guide the final target of the design. Different systems are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation approach could bring about added moves within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of making the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent simultaneously refines its mental image of the design item based on its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"