At least two views of layout endeavor are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a preferred philosophy which can or might not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the overall goal of the design. Other systems are to steer the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis procedure might result in added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design object in keeping with its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"