At least two views of design activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A layout process is a general philosophy which can or might not incorporate a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the general goal of the design. Other procedures are to steer the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation procedure may lead to added moves within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent simultaneously refines its mental photograph of the layout object in keeping with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
