At least two perspectives of design undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. The two contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a general philosophy which may or won't incorporate a guide for particular methods. Some are to steer the final goal of the design. Different procedures are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation procedure may lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the method wherein the design agent concurrently refines its mental picture of the design item in accordance with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
