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At least two perspectives of design activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout strategy is a widespread philosophy which may or may not comprise a aid for particular methods. Some are to steer the general target of the design. Different procedures are to guide the developments of the designer.
In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis approach may lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the design agent simultaneously refines its mental photograph of the design object based on its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
