At least two perspectives of design undertaking are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A layout procedure is a general philosophy that could or may not incorporate a aid for particular methods. Some are to lead the final goal of the design. Different tactics are to steer the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis approach could result in added strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the layout agent simultaneously refines its intellectual image of the design object in keeping with its mental photograph of the context, and vice versa"