At least two perspectives of layout activity are per the action-centric perspective. Both contain 3 common activities.
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A design procedure is a preferred philosophy which can or won't include a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the final target of the design. Other tactics are to guide the developments of the designer.
星蘭 ひとみ（Hitomi Seira） 宝塚歌劇公式ホームページ
In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation approach could bring about added strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the design agent concurrently refines its mental photograph of the design item in accordance with its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"
