At least two views of design endeavor are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A design strategy is a widespread philosophy which can or won't comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the general goal of the design. Different systems are to steer the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The analysis process could bring about further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the design agent concurrently refines its intellectual picture of the design item in keeping with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"