At least two perspectives of layout endeavor are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both contain 3 undemanding activities.
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A design process is a widespread philosophy which may or won't comprise a aid for specific methods. Some are to lead the overall goal of the design. Different procedures are to steer the traits of the designer.
昭和三陸地震（1933年）：時事ドットコム
In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation procedure may lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the design object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the layout object in keeping with its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"
