At least two views of design undertaking are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout strategy is a preferred philosophy which can or might not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the final goal of the design. Different tactics are to guide the traits of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may result in further strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual photograph of the design object based on its intellectual photograph of the context, and vice versa"
