At least two perspectives of layout activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. The two involve three common activities.
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A layout process is a widespread philosophy which can or may not incorporate a guide for particular methods. Some are to steer the general target of the design. Different systems are to guide the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation procedure may bring about added strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent concurrently refines its intellectual image of the layout item in accordance with its mental picture of the context, and vice versa"
