At least two perspectives of layout undertaking are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two contain 3 undemanding activities.
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A design process is a general philosophy which may or may not include a aid for specific methods. Some are to guide the final target of the design. Other systems are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative layout decision. The evaluation process might bring about further strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the layout agent concurrently refines its mental image of the design object based on its mental photograph of the context, and vice versa"