At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve three common activities.
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A layout procedure is a preferred philosophy which may or may not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the general target of the design. Other systems are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation approach might result in added strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking contains both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the approach where the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual image of the design item in accordance with its mental photograph of the context, and vice versa"
