At least two perspectives of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A layout process is a general philosophy which can or might not comprise a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the final goal of the design. Different procedures are to guide the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers trade between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis approach may result in added moves within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its three titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach where the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design object based on its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
