At least two views of layout activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both involve 3 common activities.
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A layout process is a widespread philosophy that could or may not comprise a guide for specific methods. Some are to guide the general target of the design. Different systems are to guide the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis process may lead to further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange between its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure where the design agent concurrently refines its mental image of the design object in accordance with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
