At least two views of layout undertaking are per the action-centric perspective. The two contain 3 ordinary activities.
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A design process is a widespread philosophy which can or may not incorporate a aid for particular methods. Some are to guide the overall goal of the design. Other systems are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis process could lead to further strikes in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers exchange among its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of making the design object. Coevolution is "the method in which the design agent simultaneously refines its mental image of the layout item in keeping with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"