At least two perspectives of design undertaking are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both involve 3 ordinary activities.
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A design procedure is a widespread philosophy that could or might not include a aid for particular methods. Some are to steer the final target of the design. Different procedures are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process could result in further moves within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking contains both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of creating the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach wherein the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental photograph of the layout item based on its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
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