At least two views of layout undertaking are consistent with the action-centric perspective. The two involve three ordinary activities.
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A layout strategy is a preferred philosophy which may or won't comprise a guide for particular methods. Some are to lead the general target of the design. Other tactics are to steer the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange among "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the approach where the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design object based on its mental image of the context, and vice versa"
