At least two perspectives of design endeavor are per the action-centric perspective. Both contain 3 common activities.
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A design procedure is a general philosophy that could or won't include a guide for particular methods. Some are to guide the general goal of the design. Other procedures are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis procedure may result in further strikes within the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises the two framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the process of making the layout object. Coevolution is "the approach where the layout agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the layout item in keeping with its intellectual image of the context, and vice versa"
