At least two perspectives of design endeavor are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both contain 3 undemanding activities.
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A layout process is a widespread philosophy which may or may not incorporate a aid for particular methods. Some are to guide the final goal of the design. Other systems are to lead the tendencies of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining aims and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The analysis process could lead to added moves in the design.
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The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade among its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking involves the two framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the procedure in which the design agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design object in accordance with its intellectual picture of the context, and vice versa"
