At least two views of design activity are in step with the action-centric perspective. Both contain three ordinary activities.
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A layout strategy is a widespread philosophy that could or may not incorporate a guide for specific methods. Some are to lead the overall goal of the design. Different systems are to guide the developments of the designer.
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In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers exchange between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation approach may bring about added strikes within the design.
The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[8][9] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz
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In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers trade between its 3 titular activities. Sensemaking comprises both framing and comparing moves. Implementation is the method of making the design object. Coevolution is "the method in which the layout agent simultaneously refines its intellectual picture of the design item in keeping with its mental image of the context, and vice versa"